Automated Scoring and Natural Language Processing — Bibliography

This page contains a comprehensive list of our research publications on the use of natural language processing technology to create applications that evaluate and score test responses or for use as educational tools.

2012

• Measuring the Use of Factual Information in Test-Taker Essays
  Authors: B. Beigman-Klebanov and D. Higgins (2012)
  Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Innovative Use of Natural Language Processing for Building Educational Applications (BEA)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Building Subjectivity Lexicon(s) from Scratch for Essay Data
  Authors: B. Beigman-Klebanov, J. Burstein, N. Madnani, A. Faulkner, & J. Tetreault (2012)
  Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2012, Volume 7181, Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, pp. 591–602
• Item Generation: Implications for a Validity Argument
  Author: I. I. Bejar (2012)
  In M. Gierl & S. Haladyna (Eds.), Automated Item Generation: Theory and Practice, pp. 40–56
  Publisher: Routledge
• Rater cognition: Implications for validity
  Author: I. I. Bejar (2012)
  Article in Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 31(3), 2–9.
• Comparison of Human and Machine Scoring of Essays: Differences by Gender, Ethnicity, and Country
  Authors: B. Bridgeman, C. Trapani, & Y. Attali (2012)
  Article in Applied Measurement in Education, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 27–40
• Fostering Best Practices in Writing Instruction and Assessment with E-rater
  Author: J. Burstein (2012)
  In N. Elliott and L. Perelman (Eds.), Writing Assessment in the 21st Century: Essays in Honor of Edward M. White. (2012)
  Publisher: Hampton Press
• Automated Essay Scoring and Evaluation
  Author: J. Burstein (2012)
  In Carol Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics.
  Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Utilizing Cumulative Logit Model and Human Computation on Automated Speech Assessment
  Author: L. Chen (2012)
  In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on the Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 73–79
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Application of Structural Events Detected on ASR Outputs for Automated Speaking Assessment
  Authors: L. Chen & S. Yoon (2012)
  In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Portland, Oregon
• Rethinking K–12 Writing Assessment
  Author: D. Deane (2012)
  In N. Elliott and L. Perelman (Eds.), Writing Assessment in the 21st Century: Essays in Honor of Edward M. White, pp. 87–100
  Publisher: Hampton Press
• Automatic Detection of [th] Pronunciation Errors for Chinese Learners of English
  Authors: K. Evanini and B. Huang (2012)
  Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Automatic Detection of Errors in Pronunciation Training (ISADEPT)
  Publisher: KTH, Computer Science and Communication, Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, Stockholm, Sweden
• On Using Context for Automatic Correction of Non-Word Misspellings in Student Essays
  Authors: M. Flor and Y. Futagi (2012)
  Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Innovative Use of Natural Language Processing for Building Educational Applications (BEA)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Difficulty Modeling and Automatic Generation of Quantitative Items: Recent Advances and Possible Next Steps
  Authors: E. A. Graf & J. H. Fife (2012)
  In M. Gierl & T. Haladyna (Eds.), Automatic Item Generation: Theory and Practice, pp. 157–180
  Publisher: Routledge
• Discriminative Edit Models for Paraphrase Scoring
  Authors: M. Heilman and N. Madnani (2012)
  Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop of Semantic Evaluation (SemEval)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Precision Isn't Everything: A Hybrid Approach to Grammatical Error Detection
  Authors: M. Heilman, A. Cahill, and J. Tetreault (2012)
  Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Innovative Use of Natural Language Processing for Building Educational Applications (BEA)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Correcting Comma Errors in Learner Essays, and Restoring Commas in Newswire Text
  Authors: R. Israel, J. Tetreault, and M. Chodorow (2012)
  Proceedings of the 12th Annual NAACL-HLT Conference
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Exploring Grammatical Error Correction with Not-So-Crummy Machine Translation
  Authors: N. Madnani, J. Tetreault, and M. Chodorow (2012)
  Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Innovative Use of Natural Language Processing for Building Educational Applications (BEA)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Re-examining Machine Translation Metrics for Paraphrase Identification
  Authors: N. Madnani, J. Tetreault, and M. Chodorow (2012)
  Proceedings of the 2012 Meeting of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Identifying High Level Organizational Elements in Argumentative Discourse
  Authors: N. Madnani, M. Heilman, J. Tetreault, and M. Chodorow (2012)
  Proceedings of the 2012 Meeting of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• A Framework for Evaluation and Use of Automated Scoring
  Authors: D. M. Williamson, X. Xi, & F. J. Breyer (2012)
  Article in Educational Measurement: Issues and Practices, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 2–13
• The Conceptual and Scientific Basis for Automated Scoring of Performance Items
  Author: D. M. Williamson (2012)
  In R. W. Lissitz & H. Jiao (Eds.), Computers and their impact on state assessment: Recent history and predictions for the future, pp. 157–193
  Publisher: Information Age Publishing
• A Comparison of Two Scoring Methods for an Automated Speech Scoring System
  Authors: X. Xi, D. Higgins, K. Zechner, and D. Williamson (2012)
  Language Testing, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 371–394
• Validity and the Automated Scoring of Performance Tests
  Author: X. Xi
  In G. Fulcher & F. Davidson (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Language Testing, pp. 438–451
  Publisher: Routledge
• Exploring Content Features for Automated Speech Scoring
  Authors: S. Xie, K. Evanini, and K. Zechner
  Proceedings of the 2012 Meeting of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Vocabulary Profiles as a Measure of Vocabulary Sophistication
  Authors: S. Yoon, S. Bhat, and K. Zechner (2012)
  Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Innovative Use of Natural Language Processing for Building Educational Applications (BEA)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Assessment of ESL Learners' Syntactic Competence Based on Similarity Measures
  Authors: S. Yoon & S. Bhat (2012)
  In Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Using Automatic Speech Recognition to Assess the Reading Proficiency of a Diverse Sample of Middle School Students
  Authors: K. Zechner, K. Evanini, & C. Laitusis (2012)
  In Proceedings of the Interspeech Workshop on Child, Computer, and Interaction
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association

2010–2011

• Automated Subscores for TOEFL iBT Independent Essays
  Author: Y. Attali (2011)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-11-39
• A Differential Word Use Measure for Content Analysis in Automated Essay Scoring
  Author: Y. Attali (2011)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-11-36
• A Validity-Based Approach to Quality Control and Assurance of Automated Scoring
  Author: I.I. Bejar (2011)
  Article in Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 319–341
• Automated Scoring of Constructed-Response Literacy and Mathematics Items
  Author: R. E. Bennett (2011)
  Publisher: White paper published by Arabella Philanthropic Investment Advisors
• Semantic Role Labeling Without Treebanks?
  Authors: S. A. Boxwell, C. Brew, J. Baldridge, D. N. Mehay, & S. Ravi (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pp. 192–200
  Publisher: Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing
• Detecting Structural Events for Assessing Non-Native Speech
  Authors: L. Chen & S.-Y. Yoon (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the ACL-HLT-2011 Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 38–45
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Applying Rhythm Features to Automatically Assess Non-Native Speech
  Authors: L. Chen & K. Zechner (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of Interspeech
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association
• Computing & Evaluating Syntactic Complexity Features for Automated Scoring of Spontaneous Non-Native Speech
  Authors: M. Chen & K. Zechner (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics & the Human Language Technologies Conference (ACL-HLT-2011)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Writing Assessment and Cognition
  Author: P. Deane (2011)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-11-14
• Automated Scoring Within a Developmental, Cognitive Model of Writing Proficiency
  Authors: P. Deane, T. Quinlan, & I. Kostin (2011)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-11-16
• The CBAL Summative Writing Assessment: A Draft 8th-Grade Design
  Authors: P. Deane, M. Fowles, D. Baldwin, & H. Persky (2011)
  ETS Research Memorandum RM-11-01
• The Importance of Optimal Parameter Setting for Pitch Extraction
  Authors: K. Evanini, C. Lai, & K. Zechner (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Vol. 11
  Publisher: Acoustical Society of America
• Using Crowdsourcing to Provide Prosodic Annotations for Non-Native Speech
  Author: K.Evanini & K. Zechner (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of Interspeech
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association
• Use of e-rater in Scoring of the TOEFL iBT Writing Test
  Author: S.J. Haberman (2011)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-11-25
• A Three-Stage Approach to the Automated Scoring of Spontaneous Spoken Responses
  Authors: D. Higgins, K. Zechner, X. Xi, & D. Williamson (2011)
  Article in Computer Speech & Language, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 282–306
• Applying Feature Bagging for More Accurate and Robust Automated Speaking Assessment
  Author: L. Chen (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, pp. 473–477
  Publisher: IEEE
• Performance of a Generic Approach in Automated Essay Scoring
  Authors: Y. Attali, B. Bridgeman & C. Trapani (2010)
  Article in Journal of Technology, Learning & Assessment, Vol. 10, No. 3
• The Application of the Cumulative Logistic Regression Model to Automated Essay Scoring
  Authors: S. J. Haberman & S. Sinharay (2010)
  Article in Journal of Educational & Behavioral Statistics, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 586–602
• Application of Evidence-Centered Assessment Design to the Advanced Placement Redesign: A Graphic Restatement
  Author: I. I. Bejar (2010)
  Article in Applied Measurement in Education, Vol. 23, pp. 378–391
• Progress and New Directions in Technology for Automated Essay Evaluation
  Authors: J. Burstein & M. Chodorow (2010)
  Chapter in The Oxford Handbook of Applied Linguistics, 2nd Edition, pp. 487–497
  Editor: R. Kaplan
  Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Using Entity-Based Features to Model Coherence in Student Essays
  Authors: J. Burstein, J. Tetreault, & S. Andreyev (2010)
  Paper in Human language technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the ACL, pp. 681–684
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Towards Using Structural Events to Assess Non-Native Speech
  Authors: L. Chen, J. Tetreault, & X. Xi (2010)
  Paper in NAACL-HLT 2010 Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Building Educational Applications (BEA-5)
• The Utility of Article and Preposition Error Correction Systems for English Language Learners: Feedback and Assessment
  Authors: M. Chodorow, M. Gamon, & J. Tetreault (2010)
  Article in Language Testing, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 419–436
• Using Amazon Mechanical Turk for Transcription of Non-Native Speech
  Authors: K. Evanini, D. Higgins, & K. Zechner (2010)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Workshop on Creating Speech and Language Data with Amazon's Mechanical Turk, HLT-NAACL 2010
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Generating Automated Text Complexity Classifications That Are Aligned with Targeted Text Complexity Standards
  Authors: K. M. Sheehan, I. Kostin, Y. Futagi, & M. Flor (2010)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-10-28
• Using an Error-Annotated Learned Corpus to Develop an ESL/EFL Error Correction System
  Authors: N.-R. Han, J. Tetreault, S.-H. Lee, & J.-Y. Ha (2010)
  Paper in Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2010)
  Publisher: European Language Resources Association
• The Web is not a Person, Berners-Lee is not an ORGANIZATION and African-Americans are not LOCATIONS: Analysis of the Performance of Named-Entity Recognition
  Authors: R. Krovetz, P. Deane, & N. Madnani (2011)
  Proceedings of the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: from Parsing and Generation to the Real World (MWE 2011), pp. 57–64
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Automated Grammatical Error Detection for Language Learners
  Authors: C. Leacock, M. Chodorow, M. Gamon, & J. Tetreault (2010)
  Monograph in Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies
  Publisher: Morgan & Claypool
• Unsupervised Prompt Expansion for Off-Topic Essay Detection
  Authors: A. Louis & D. Higgins (2010)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Workshop on Building Educational Applications, HLT-NAACL 2010
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• iBLEU: Interactively Scoring and Debugging Statistical Machine Translation Systems
  Author: N. Madnani (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (Demos)
  Publisher: IEEE Computer Society
• They Can Help: Using Crowdsourcing to Improve the Evaluation of Grammatical Error Detection Systems
  Authors: N. Madnani, J. Tetreault, M. Chodorow, & A. Rozovskaya (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Shortpapers, pp. 508–513
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Technology Supports for Assessment Design
  Authors: R.J. Mislevy, F. Winters, I.I. Bejar, R.E. Bennett & G.D. Haertel (2010)
  Chapter in International Encyclopedia of Education, Vol. 8, 3rd ed., pp. 56–65
  Publisher: Elsevier
• E-rating Machine Translation
  Authors: K. Parton, J. Tetreault, N. Madnani, & M. Chodorow (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pp. 108–115
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Scoring the TOEFL® Independent Essay Automatically: Reactions of Test Takers & Test Score Users
  Author: D. E. Powers, A. H. Cumming & R. Kanton
  ETS Research Memorandum No. RM-11-34, TOEFL No. MS-22
• Automated Essay Scoring: Writing Assessment and Instruction
  Authors: M. D. Shermis, J. Burstein, D. Higgins, & K. Zechner (2010)
  Article in International Encyclopedia of Education, 3rd edition, Vol. 4, pp. 20–26
  Editors: E. Baker, B. McGaw, & N. S. Petersen
  Publisher: Elsevier
• Maximum Entropy for the Automatic Content Scoring of Free-Text Responses
  Author: J. Z. Sukkarieh (2010)
  In Proceedings of MaxEnt 2010
• Building a Textual Entailment Suite for Evaluating Content Scoring Technologies
  Authors: J. Z. Sukkarieh & E. Bolge (2010)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. 3149–3156
  Publisher: European Language Resources Association
• Gaussian Mixture Modeling of Vowel Durations for Automated Assessment of Non-native Speech
  Authors: X. Sun & K. Evanini (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 5716–5719
  Publisher: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• Using Parse Features for Preposition Selection and Error Detection
  Authors: J. Tetreault, J. Foster, & M. Chodorow (2010)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 2010 Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2010)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Rethinking Grammatical Error Annotation and Evaluation with the Amazon Mechanical Turk
  Authors: J. Tetreault, E. Filatova, & M. Chodorow (2010)
  Paper in NAACL-HLT: 2010 Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Building Educational Applications (BEA-5)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Automated Scoring for the Assessment of Common Core Standards
  Authors: D. M. Williamson et. al. (2010)
  White Paper
  Publisher: Educational Testing Service
• Exploiting Syntactic and Distributional Information for Spelling Correction with Web-Scale N-gram Models
  Authors: W. Xu, J. Tetreault, M. Chodorow, R. Grishman, & L. Zhao (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1291–1300
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Predicting Word Accuracy for the Automatic Speech Recognition of Non-Native Speech
  Authors: S. Yoon, L. Chen & K. Zechner (2010)
  Paper in Proceedings of Interspeech, pp. 773–776
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association
• Non-scorable Response Detection for Automated Speaking Proficiency Assessment
  Authors: S.-Y. Yoon, K. Evanini, & K. Zechner (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the ACL-HLT 6th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 152–160
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Landmark-based Automated Pronunciation Error Detection
  Authors: S. Yoon, M. Hasegawa-Johnson & R. Sproat (2010)
  Paper in Proceedings of Interspeech, pp. 614–617
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association
• Non-English Response Detection Method for Automated Proficiency Scoring System
  Authors: S. Yoon & D. Higgins (2011)
  Paper in Proceedings of the ACL-HLT-2011 Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 161–169
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Automated Scoring of CBAL Mathematics Tasks with m-rater
  Author: J. Fife (September 2011)
  ETS Research Memorandum ETS RM–11-12

2008–2009

• Opportunities for Natural Language Processing in Education
  Author: J. Burstein (2009)
  Chapter in Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5449, pp. 6–27
  Editor: A. Gebulkh
  Publisher: Springer
• Human Evaluation of Article and Noun Number Usage: Influences of Context and Construction Variability
  Authors: J. Lee, J. Tetreault, & M. Chodorow (2009)
  Paper in ACL 2009 Proceedings of the Linguistic Annotation Workshop III (LAW3)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• When Do Standard Approaches for Measuring Vocabulary Difficulty, Syntactic Complexity and Referential Cohesion Yield Biased Estimates of Text Difficulty?
  Authors: K. M. Sheehan, I. Kostin, & Y. Futagi (2009)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
• Automating Model Building in c-rater
  Authors: J. Z. Sukkarieh & S. Stoyanchev (2009)
  Paper in Proceedings of TextInfer: The ACL/IJCNLP 2009 Workshop on Applied Textual Inference, pp. 61–69
  Editors: R. Barzilay, J.-S. Chang, & C. Sauper
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Towards Agile and Test-Driven Development in NLP Applications
  Authors: J. Z. Sukkarieh & J. Kamal (2009)
  Paper in Proceedings of the NAACL HLT Workshop on Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing, pp. 42–44
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• c-rater: Automatic Content Scoring for Short Constructed Responses
  Authors: J. Z. Sukkarieh & J. Blackmore (2009)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 22nd International FLAIRS Conference
  Publisher: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
• Examining the Use of Region Web Counts for ESL Error Detection
  Authors: J. Tetreault & M. Chodorow (2009)
  Paper in SEPLN 2009: Proceedings of the Web as Corpus Workshop (WAC-5)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Automatic Scoring of Non-Native Spontaneous Speech in Tests of Spoken English
  Authors: K. Zechner, D. Higgins, X. Xi, & D. Williamson (2009)
  Article in Speech Communication, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp. 883–895
• Adapting the Acoustic Model of a Speech Recognizer for Varied Proficiency Non-Native Spontaneous Speech Using Read Speech with Language-Specific Pronunciation Difficulty
  Authors: K. Zechner, D. Higgins, R. Lawless, Y. Futagi, S. Ohls, & G. Ivanov (2009)
  Paper in Proceedings of InterSpeech-2009
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association
• What did they actually say? Agreement and Disagreement among Transcribers of Non-Native Spontaneous Speech Responses in an English Proficiency Test
  Author: K. Zechner (2009)
  Paper in Proceedings of the International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) Spoken Language Technologies in Education (SLaTE) 2009 Workshop
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association
• Automatic Scoring of Children's Read-Aloud Text Passages and Word Lists
  Authors: K. Zechner, J. Sabatini, & L. Chen (2009)
  Paper in Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Audio Quality Issue for Automatic Speech Assessment
  Author: L. Chen (2009)
  Paper in Proceedings of 2009 ISCA Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE)
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association
• Improved Pronunciation Features for Construct-driven Assessment of Non-native Spontaneous Speech
  Authors: L. Chen, K. Zechner, & X. Xi (2009)
  Paper in NAACL '09: Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics,
  pp. 442–449
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Effect of Immediate Feedback and Revision on Psychometric Properties of Open-Ended GRE® Subject Test Items
  Authors: Y. Attali & D. Powers (2008)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-08-21
• Automated Scoring of Short-Answer Open-Ended GRE Subject Test Items- ETS Research Report
  Authors: Y. Attali, D. E. Powers, M. Freedman, M. Harrison & S.A. Obetz (2008)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-08-02; GRE Board Research Report No. GRE RR-04-02
• A Developmental Writing Scale
  Authors: Y. Attali & D. Powers (2008)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-08-19
• A Computational Approach to Detecting Collocation Errors in the Writing of Non-native Speakers of English
  Authors: Y. Futagi, P. Deane, M. Chodorow, & J. Tetreault (2008)
  Article in Computer Assisted Language Learning, Vol. 21, pp. 353–367
• How Important is Content in the Ratings of Essay Assessments?
  Authors: M.D. Shermis, A. Shneyderman & Y. Attali (2008)
  Article in Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practices, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 91–105
• Leveraging c-rater's Automated Scoring Capability for Providing Instructional Feedback for Short Constructed Responses
  Authors: J. Z. Sukkarieh & E. Bolge (2008)
  Paper in Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 5091. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, ITS 2008, pp. 779–783
  Editors: B. P. Woolf, E. Aimeur, R. Nkambou, & S. Lajoie
  Publisher: Springer-Verlag
• The Ups and Downs of Prepositional Error Detection in ESL Writing
  Authors: J. Tetreault & M. Chodorow (2008)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 865–872
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Native Judgments of Non-Native Usage: Experiments in Preposition Error Detection
  Authors: J. Tetreault & M. Chodorow (2008)
  Paper in COLING 2008: Proceedings of the Workshop on Human Judgments in Computational Linguistics, pp. 24–32
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Automated Scoring of Spontaneous Speech Using SpeechRater v1.0
  Authors: X. Xi, D. Higgins, K. Zechner, & D. Williamson (2008)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-08-62
• Towards Automatic Scoring of a Test of Spoken Language with Heterogeneous Task Types
  Authors: K. Zechner & X. Xi (2008)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 98–106
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics

2005–2007

• On-the-Fly Customization of Automated Essay Scoring
  Author: Y. Attali (2007)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-07-42
• Toward More Substantively Meaningful Automated Essay Scoring
  Authors: A. Ben-Simon & R. E. Bennett (2007)
  Article in Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, Vol. 6, No. 1
• Developing a Text Support Tool for English-Language Learners
  Authors: J. Burstein, J. Shore, J. Sabatini, Y. Lee, & M. Ventura (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education
• The Automated Text Adaptation Tool
  Authors: J. Burstein, J. Shore, J. Sabatini, Y. Lee, & M. Ventura (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL-HLT), pp. 3–4
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Detection of Grammatical Errors Involving Prepositions
  Authors: M. Chodorow, J. Tetreault, & N.-R. Han (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Fourth ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on Prepositions, pp. 25–30
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Reading Level Assessment for Literary and Expository Texts
  Authors: K. M. Sheehan,  I. Kostin, &  Y. Futagi (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
  Publisher: The Cognitive Science Society
• Document Similarity Measures to Distinguish Native vs. Non-Native Essay Writers
  Authors: O. Gurevich & P. Deane (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of NAACL HLT 2007, Companion Volume (pp. 49–52)
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Electronic Essay Grading
  Author: S.J. Haberman (2007)
  Chapter in Handbook of Statistics: Psychometrics, Vol.26, pp. 205–233
  Publisher: Elsevier
• Item Distiller: Text Retrieval for Computer-Assisted Test Item Creation
  Author: D. Higgins (2007)
  ETS Research Memorandum No. RM-07-05
• Reliability of Human Annotation of Semantic Roles in Noisy Text
  Author: D. Higgins (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of the International Conference on Semantic Computing (pp. 501–508)
  Publisher: IEEE Computer Society
• Sentence Similarity Measures for Essay Coherence
  Authors: D. Higgins & J. Burstein (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Computational Semantics (IWCS-7) (pp. 77–88)
  Publisher: International Workshop on Computational Semantics
• Supporting Efficient, Evidence-Centered Item Development for the GRE Verbal Measure
  Authors: K. M. Sheehan,  I. Kostin, &  Y. Futagi (2007)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-07-29; GRE Board Research Report No. GREB-03-14
• SourceFinder: A Construct-Driven Approach for Locating Appropriately Targeted Reading Comprehension Source Texts
  K. M. Sheehan, I. Kostin, & Y. Futagi (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop of the International Speech Communication Association, Special Interest Group on Speech and Language Technology in Education
• SpeechRater: A Construct-Driven Approach to Score Spontaneous Non-Native Speech
  Authors: K. Zechner, D. Higgins, & X. Xi (2007)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 2007 Workshop of the International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) Special Interest Group on Speech and Language Technology in Education (SLaTE)
  Publisher: International Speech Communication Association
• Toward an Understanding of the Role of Speech Recognition in Non-Native Speech Assessment
  Authors: K. Zechner, I. Bejar, & R. Hemat (2007)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-07-02
• Automated Essay Scoring with e-rater v.2.0
  Authors: Y. Attali & J. Burstein (2006)
  Article in Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, Vol. 4, No. 3
• Moving the Field Forward: Some Thoughts on Validity and Automated Scoring
  Author: R. E. Bennett (2006)
  Chapter in Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing
  Editors: D. M. Williamson, R. J. Mislevy, & I. I. Bejar
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
• Rule-Based Methods for Automated Scoring: Application in a Licensing Context
  Authors: H. Braun, I. I. Bejar & D.M. Williamson (2006)
  Chapter in Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Scoring, pp. 83–123
  Editors: D. M. Williamson, I. I. Bejar, R. J. Mislevy
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
• Model Analysis and Model Creation: Capturing the Task-Model Structure of Quantitative Item Domains
  Authors: P. Deane, E. A. Graf, D. Higgins, Y. Futagi, & R. Lawless (2006)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-06-11
• Using Singular-Value Decomposition on Local Word Contexts to Derive a Measure of Constructional Similarity
  Authors: P. Deane & D. Higgins (2006)
  Chapter in Corpus Linguistics Beyond the Word — Corpus Research from Phrase to Discourse (pp. 43–58)
  Publisher: Rodopi
• Differences in Text Structure and its Implications for Assessment of Struggling Readers
  Authors: P. Deane, K. Sheehan, J. Sabatini, & Y. Futagi (2006)
  Article in Scientific Studies of Reading, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 257–276
• Detecting Errors in English Article Usage by Nonnative Speakers
  Authors: N.-R. Han, M. Chodorow, & C. Leacock (2006)
  Article in Natural Language Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 115–129
• Identifying Off-Topic Student Essays Without Topic-Specific Training Data
  Authors: D. Higgins, J. Burstein, & Y. Attali (2006)
  Article in Natural Language Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 145–159
• Inside SourceFinder: Predicting the Acceptability Status of Candidate Reading-Comprehension Source Documents
  Authors: K. M. Sheehan, Y. Futagi, I. W. Kostin, R. Hemat, & D. I. Zuckerman (2006)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-06-24
• Applications of Computers in Assessment and Analysis of Writing
  Authors: M. D. Shermis, J. Burstein, & C. Leacock (2006)
  Chapter in Handbook of Writing Research
  Editors: C. A. MacArthur, S. Graham, & J. Fitzgerald
  Publisher: Guilford Publications
• Towards Automatic Scoring of Non-Native Spontaneous Speech
  Authors: K. Zechner & I. Bejar (2006)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the NAACL, Main Conference, pp. 216–223
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Strategies for Evidence Identification through Linguistic Assessment of Textual Responses
  Author: P. Deane (2006)
  Chapter in Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing (pp. 313–372)
  Editors: D. M. Williamson, R. J. Mislevy, & I. I. Bejar
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
• Human Scoring
  Authors: D. M. Williamson, R.J. Mislevy & I.I. Bejar (2006)
  Chapter in Automated Scoring of Complex Task in Computer-Based Testing, pp. 49–82
  Editors: D. M. Williamson, R. J. Mislevy, I.I. Bejar
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
• Automated Scoring of Complex Tasks in Computer-Based Testing
  Editors: D. M. Williamson, R.J. Mislevy & I. I. Bejar (2006)
  Book
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
• Automated Essay Scoring with e-rater v.2.0
  Authors: Y. Attali & J. Burstein (2005)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-04-45
• Advanced Capabilities for Evaluating Student Writing: Detecting Off-Topic Essays Without Topic-Specific Training
  Authors: J. Burstein & D. Higgins (2005)
  Paper in Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education
  Publisher: IOS Press
• Translation Exercise Assistant: Automated Generation of Translation Exercises for Native-Arabic Speakers Learning English
  Authors: J. Burstein & D. Marcu (2005)
  Paper in Proceedings of HLT/EMNLP 2005 Interactive Demonstrations, pp. 16–17
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• A Nonparametric Method for Extraction of Candidate Phrasal Terms
  Author: P. Deane (2005)
  Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 605–613
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Multilingual Generalization of the ModelCreator Software for Math Item Generation
  Authors: D. Higgins, Y. Futagi, & P. Deane (2005)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-05-02
• Online Assessment in Writing
  Authors: N. Horkay, R. E. Bennett, N. Allen, & B. Kaplan (2005)
  Paper in Online Assessment in Mathematics and Writing: Reports from the NAEP Technology-based Assessment Project (NCES 2005–457)
  Editors: B. Sandene, N. Horkay, R. E. Bennett, N. Allen, J. Braswell, B. Kaplan, & A. Oranje
  Publisher: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics
• Online Assessment in Mathematics
  Authors: B. Sandene, R. E. Bennett, J. Braswell, & A. Oranje (2005)
  Paper in Online Assessment in Mathematics and Writing: Reports from the NAEP Technology-based Assessment Project (NCES 2005–457)
  Editors: B. Sandene, N. Horkay, R. E. Bennett, N. Allen, J. Braswell, B. Kaplan, & A. Oranje
  Publisher: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

2001–2004

• Automated Essay Evaluation: The Criterion Online Writing Evaluation Service
  Authors: J. Burstein, M. Chodorow, & C. Leacock (2004)
  Article in AI Magazine, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 27–36
• Beyond Essay Length: Evaluating e-rater's Performance on TOEFL® Essays
  Authors: M. Chodorow & J. Burstein (2004)
  TOEFL® Research Rep. No. RR-73, ETS Research Report No. RR-04-04
• Statistical and Measurement Properties of Features Used in Essay Assessment
  Author: S.J. Haberman (2004)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-04-21
• Detecting Errors in English Article Usage with a Maximum Entropy Classifier Trained on a Large, Diverse Corpus
  Authors: N.-R. Han, M. Chodorow, & C. Leacock (2004)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation
  Publisher: European Language Resources Association
• Evaluating Multiple Aspects of Coherence in Student Essays
  Authors: D. Higgins, J. Burstein, D. Marcu, & C. Gentile (2004)
  Paper in HLT-NAACL 2004: Main Proceedings, pp. 185–192
  Editors: S. Dumais, D. Marcu, & S. Roukos
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Keynote Address: Statistical Analysis of Text in Educational Measurement
  Author: C. Leacock (2004)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Textual Data Statistical Analysis
  Editors: G. Purnelle, C. Fairon, & A. Dister
  Publisher: Presses Universitaires de Louvain
• Automated Tools for Subject Matter Expert Evaluation of Automated Scoring
  Authors: D. Williamson, I.I. Bejar & A. Sax (2004)
  Article in Applied Measurement in Education, Vol.17, No. 4, pp. 323–357
• Criterion: Online Essay Evaluation: An Application for Automated Evaluation of Student Essays
  Authors: J. Burstein, M. Chodorow, & C. Leacock (2003)
  Paper in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence
  Publisher: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
• Automated Evaluation of Discourse Structure in Student Essays
  Authors: J. Burstein & D. Marcu (2003)
  Chapter in Automated Essay Scoring: A Cross-disciplinary Perspective, pp. 200–219
  Editors: M. D. Shermis & J. Burstein
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• A Machine Learning Approach for Identification of Thesis and Conclusion Statements in Student Essays
  Authors: J. Burstein & D. Marcu (2003)
  Article in Computers and the Humanities, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 455–467
• Finding the WRITE Stuff: Automatic Identification of Discourse Structure in Student Essays
  Authors: J. Burstein, D. Marcu, & K. Knight (2003)
  Article in IEEE Intelligent Systems: Special Issue on Advances in Natural Language Processing, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 32–39
• Toward Evaluation of Writing Style: Finding Overly Repetitive Word Use in Student Essays
  Authors: J. Burstein & M. Wolska (2003)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• The e-rater Scoring Engine: Automated Essay Scoring with Natural Language Processing
  Author: J. Burstein (2003)
  Chapter in Automated Essay Scoring: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective, pp. 107–115
  Editors: M. D. Shermis & J. Burstein
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Co-occurrence and Constructions
  Author: P. Deane (2003)
  Chapter in Determination of information and tenor in texts: Multidisciplinary approaches to discourse 2003
  Editors: L. Lagerweft, W. Spooren, & L. Degand
  Publisher: Stichting Neerlandistiek & Nodus Publikationen
• Improving the Statistical Aspects of E-rater: Exploring Alternative Feature Reduction & Combination Rules
  Authors: X. Feng, N. J. Dorans, L. N. Patsula & B. Kaplan (2003)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-03-15
• Automated Grammatical Error Detection
  Authors: C. Leacock & M. Chodorow (2003)
  Chapter in Automated Essay Scoring: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective, pp. 186–199
  Editors: M. D. Shermis & J. Burstein
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Directions in Automated Essay Scoring
  Authors: J. Burstein & M. Chodorow (2003)
  Chapter in Handbook of Applied Linguistics, pp. 487–497
  Editor: R. Kaplan
  Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Technology and Assessment
  Authors: L. Frase, R. Almond, J. Burstein, K. Kukich, R. Mislevy, K. Sheehan, L. Steinberg, K. Singley, & M. Chodorow (2003)
  Chapter in Technology Applications in Education: A Learning View
  Editors: R. S. Perez & H. F. O'Neill Jr.
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
• c-rater: Scoring of Short-Answer Questions
  Authors: C. Leacock & M. Chodorow (2003)
  Computers and the Humanities, Vol. 37, pp. 389–405
• Automated Essay Scoring: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective
  Authors: M. D. Shermis & J. Burstein (2003)
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
• Techniques for Detecting Syntactic Errors in Text
  Authors: M. Chodorow & C. Leacock (2002)
  Paper in Technical Report of the Institute of Electronics, Information, and Communication Engineers, Vol. 102, No. 491, pp. 37–41
• Modeling the Difficulty of Quantitative Reasoning Items: Implications for Item Generation
  Authors: M. K. Enright & K. M. Sheehan (2002)
  Chapter in Item Generation for Test Development, pp. 129-157
  Editors: S. H. Irvine & P. C. Kyllonen
  Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
• Electronic Sources as Input to GRE Reading Comprehension Item Development: SourceFinder Prototype Evaluation
  Authors: R. Passonneau, L. Hemat, J. Plante, & K. M. Sheehan
  ETS Research Report No. RR-02-12
• Towards Automatic Classification of Discourse Elements in Essays
  Authors: J. Burstein, D. Marcu, S. Andreyev, & M. Chodorow (2001)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 98–105
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Automatic Assessment of Vocabulary Usage Without Negative Evidence
  Authors: C. Leacock & M. Chodorow (2001)
  TOEFL® Research Rep. No. 67, ETS RR-01-21
• Stumping e-rater: Challenging the Validity of Automated Essay Scoring
  Authors: D. E. Powers, J. Burstein, M. Chodorow, M. E. Fowles, & K. Kukich (2001)
  GRE® Board Professional Rep. No. 98-08bP, ETS Research Report No. RR-01-03
• An Inquiry into the Nature of the Sentence-Completion Task: Implications for Item Generation
  Authors: K. M. Sheehan & R. J. Mislevy (2001)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-01-13

pre-2001

• Comparing the Validity of Automated and Human Essay Scoring
  Authors: D. E. Powers, J. Burstein, M. Chodorow, M. E. Fowles, & K. Kukich (2000)
  GRE Board Research Rep. No. 98-08a, ETS Research Report No. RR-00-10
• An Unsupervised Method for Detecting Grammatical Errors
  Authors: M. Chodorow & C. Leacock (2000)
  Paper in Proceedings of the 1st Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 140–147
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Benefits of Modularity in an Automated Scoring System
  Authors: J. Burstein & D. Marcu (2000)
  Proceedings of the Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures to Build NLP Systems, 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Luxembourg
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Automated Essay Scoring for Nonnative English Speakers
  Authors: J. Burstein & M. Chodorow (1999)
  Proceedings of the ACL99 Workshop on Computer-Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation of Natural Language Processing
  Editor: M. B. Olson
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• 'Mental Model' Comparison of Automated and Human Scoring
  Authors: D.M. Williamson, I.I. Bejar & A.S. Hone (1999)
  Article in Journal of Educational Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 158–184
• Validity and Automated Scoring: It's Not Only the Scoring
  Authors: R. E. Bennett & I. I. Bejar (1998)
  Article in Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 9–17
• Scoring Essays Automatically Using Surface Features
  Authors: R. M. Kaplan, S. E. Wolff, J. C. Burstein, C. Lu, D. A. Rock, & B. A. Kaplan (1998)
  GRE Board Professional Rep. No 94-21P; ETS Research Report No. RR-98-39
• Enriching Automated Scoring Using Discourse Marking
  Authors: J. Burstein, K. Kukich, S. Wolff, C. Lu, & M. Chodorow (1998)
  Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Automated Scoring Using a Hybrid Feature Identification Technique
  Authors: J. Burstein, K. Kukich, S. Wolff, C. Lu, M. Chodorow, L. Braden-Harder, & M. D. Harris (1998)
  Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Vol. 1, pp. 206–210
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• 'Mental Model' Comparison of Automated & Human Holistic Scoring of Architectural Design Simulations
  Authors: D. M. Williamson, I.I. Bejar & A.S. Hone (1998)
  Article in Clear Exam Review, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 28–35
• Evaluating an Automatically Scorable, Open-Ended Response Type for Measuring Mathematical Reasoning in Computer-Adaptive Tests
  Authors: R. E. Bennett, M. Steffen, M. K. Singley, M. Morley, & D. Jacquemin (1997)
  Article in Journal of Educational Measurement, Vol. 34, pp. 163–177
• Automatic Scoring of Advanced Placement Biology Essays
  Authors: J. Burstein, R. Kaplan, S. Wolff, & C. Lu (1997)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-97-22
• Validation and Extension of the Mathematical Expression Response Type: Applications of Schema Theory to Automatic Scoring and Item Generation in Mathematics
  Authors: M. K. Singley & R. E. Bennett (1997)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-97-19
• Using Lexical Semantic Techniques to Classify Free-Responses
  Authors: J. Burstein, R. Kaplan, S. Wolff, & C. Lu (1996)
  Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons: Proceedings of a Workshop Sponsored by the Special Interest Group on the Lexicon of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 20–29
  Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
• Evaluating a Prototype Essay Scoring Procedure Using Off-the-Shelf Software
  Authors: R. M. Kaplan, J. Burstein, H. Trenholm, & C. Lu (1995)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-95-21
• GE FRST Evaluation Report: How Well Does a Statistically-Based Natural Language Processing System Score Natural Language Constructed Responses?
  Authors: J. Burstein & R. M. Kaplan (1995)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-95-29
• On the Application of Context to Natural Language Processing Applied to the Analysis of Test Responses
  Authors: J. C. Burstein & R. M. Kaplan (1995)
  Paper in Proceedings of the IJCAI-95 Workshop on Context in Natural Language Processing
  Publisher: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence
• Using the Free-Response Scoring Tool to Automatically Score the Formulating-Hypotheses Item
  Authors: R. M. Kaplan & R. E. Bennett (1994)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-94-08
• Environments for Presenting and Automatically Scoring Complex Constructed-Response Items
  Author: R. E. Bennett (1994)
  Chapter in Personnel Selection and Classification
  Editors: M. G. Rumsey, C. B. Walker, & J. H. Harris
  Publisher: Erlbaum
• Constructed Response & Differential Item Functioning: A Pragmatic Approach
  Authors: N. J. Dorans, A. P. Schmitt (1993)
  Chapter in Construction Versus Choice in Cognitive Measurement, pp. 135–165
  Editors: R.E. Bennett & W. C. Ward
  Publisher: Routledge
• A Review of Automatically Scorable Constructed-Response Item Types for Large-Scale Assessment
  Authors: M. E. Martinez & R. E. Bennett (1992)
  Article in Applied Measurement in Education, Vol. 5, pp. 151–169
• Agreement Between Expert System and Human Raters' Scores on Complex Constructed-Response Quantitative Items
  Authors: M. M. Sebrechts, R. E. Bennett, & D. A. Rock (1991)
  Article in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76, pp. 856–862
• Expert-System Scores for Complex Constructed-Response Quantitative Items: A Study of Convergent Validity
  Authors: R. E. Bennett, M. M. Sebrechts, & D. A. Rock (1991)
  Article in Applied Psychological Measurement, Vol. 15, pp. 227–239
• Using a Trainable Pattern-Directed Computer Program to Score Natural Language Item Responses
  Author: R. M. Kaplan (1991)
  ETS Research Report No. RR-91-31
• Assessment of an Expert System's Ability to Grade and Diagnose Automatically Students' Constructed Responses to Computer Science Problems
  Authors: R. E. Bennett et. al. (1990)
  Chapter in Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Testing, pp. 293–320
  Publisher: Erlbaum
• The Relationship of Expert-System Scored Constrained Free-Response Items to Multiple-Choice and Open-Ended Items
  Authors: R. E. Bennett et. al. (1990)
  Article in Applied Psychological Measurement, Vol. 14, pp. 151–162
• Scoring Constructed Responses Using Expert Systems
  Authors: H. I. Braun, R. E. Bennett, D. Frye, & E. Soloway (1990)
  Article in Journal of Educational Measurement, Vol. 27, pp. 93–108