Fairness and Validity Guidelines

With ETS tests, you can be assured that the scores candidates receive present an accurate picture of their knowledge and skills, without any bias. As part of our mission to help advance quality and equity in education by providing fair and valid assessments, we put our test questions through a rigorous review process.

Fairness Review Guidelines are used in test development to minimize bias and other characteristics that might hinder some test takers from performing at levels that allow appropriate inferences about their relevant knowledge and skills.

ETS Standards for Quality & Fairness (PDF) — helps ETS design, develop and deliver technically sound, fair and useful products and services
Constructed-Response and Other Performance Assessments (PDF) — presents guidelines to assist ETS test development expert staff in accumulating validity evidence for performance assessments
A DIF Primer (PDF) — explains what Differential Item Functioning is as well as how it is used by ETS to help ensure the fairness of tests

Additional information

Learn more about the Praxis tests and how ETS ensures that all of its tests are fair, valid and reliable.